To His Coy Mistress By Marvell Essays (634 words) -

To His Coy Mistress By Marvell Andrew Marvell in ?To His Coy Mistress,? presents an argument of love to readers. The argument comes from the speaker, a man to a woman, or to we the audience. The first half of the poem is the speaker trying to woo her. Then the speaker says that they are running out of time and death is upon them. Marvell's argument begins with if we had all the time in the world then we could take the time to love: Had we but world enough, and time, this coyness, lady, were no crime. We would sit down, and think which way to walk, and pass our long love's day. (1-4) Then he tries to prove to this shy woman the amount of time he would spend admiring her. He says that he would love her from the beginning of time until Judgment Day: Love you ten years before the Flood, and you should, if you please, refuse till the conversion of the Jews. (8-9) He has a large, slow growing nature of affection, and he will spend all of his years admiring all the parts of her body: My vegetable love should grow vaster than empires, and more slow; and hundred years should go to praise thine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze; two hundred to adore each breast, but thirty thousand to the rest; an age at least to every part, and the last age should show your heart. (11-18) He says that the length of time is all right due to her beauty: For, lady, you deserve this state, nor would I love at lower rate. (19) The argument now changes to its darker side. Marvell uses metaphors to say that time is passing by quickly and death awaits them: Time's winged chariot hurrying near; and yonder all before us lie deserts of vast eternity. (22-24) He makes reference to a grave and a burial service saying that it is an unsuitable place for lovers to embrace: Nor, in thy marble vault, shall sound my echoing song; then worms shall try that long-preserved virginity, and your quaint honor turn to dust, and into ashes all my lust: the grave's is a fine a private place, but none, I think, do there embrace. (26-32) The final part of the poem gives reference to sex. He speaks of the youthful freshness of her skin and of her passion. Next he uses a metaphor, which can be translated into pouncing upon each other: And now like enormous birds of prey, rather at once our time devour than languish in his slow-chapped power. (38-40) He is seemingly telling her what he wants, asking if he can enter into her womb: Let us roll all our strength and all our sweetness up into a ball, and tear our pleasures with rough strife thorough the iron gates of life: thus, though we cannot make our sun stand still, yet we will make him run. (41-46) The sun represents time, and man cannot move the sun, therefore, he cannot make time stand still proving mans inability to live forever. The last line states that they can make whatever they want out of life, or make their own sun run. He went from trying to get her in his bed by displaying his utmost admiration of her, to death is right around the corner. Marvell was saying that you cannot cheat death or time, all you can do is make the most of it. He uses the word ?Now? to make a point that life is now. Ironically, Marvell gave the image of light and the image of brightness, with his use of the sun and the ?instant fires,? to give a luster and to show the idea of her giving up her shyness or coyness. This contrasted with the darkness, and essential remorse that life is not eternal, which is the key to getting what he wants from her.

Our Friends the Frog Populations Essays

Our Friends the Frog Populations Essays Our Friends the Frog Populations Paper Our Friends the Frog Populations Paper Over the past few years there has been a decline in frog populations. Only now are people starting to care about what’s going on. You may be surprised, but there really are many reasons to save this special species. But before we can save them we need to understand more about them, and what the cause of their depletion at such an alarming rate is. Some people may ask â€Å"Who cares about frogs? † Well, one of the reasons is that they are an important part of our ecology. They prey on insects and other pests, keeping them from overpopulating and ruining various habitats. They are also an important source of food to other animals such as birds, snakes, and other mammals. If you take them out of the food chain you could cause serious imbalance in the ecosystem and therefore cause the decline in other populations of other organisms. This circle of life is precious and fragile, and must be preserved. It has been said that frogs are a measure of the environment’s health. Frogs are natural survivors. They lived through the last two extinction episodes including, the end of the dinosaur era. So something is terribly wrong for them to be dying off now. It is similar to the practice of keeping canaries in a mineshaft. If the shaft or world starts getting polluted then the canaries or frogs will start dying off, therefore sen! ding a warning signal. Like a shock wave it will ripple across the world leaving a disturbance throughout its path. Who’s to say that we might someday be next (Gibbons 1)? Another reason to care for frogs is for biomedical research. Just like lab rats, they are tested for the use of many chemicals, disease research, and plain anatomy and physiology lessons, not to mention to gain knowledge of their population decline. If they were to suddenly vanish, we would not be completely sure of the cause. Hopefully, we can find out the reasons why they’re dying. Maybe then we can correct the problem and save the frogs as well as the environment (*http:www. open. ac. uh/daptf/DAPTF. Matter. html*). One of the suspected causes of frog depletion is water contamination by toxic chemicals such as thallium, iron, and manganese. A Canadian survey of coal miners and coal generating stations showed that water samples contained very high concentrations of thallium and manganese. And from that study it was concluded that these chemicals are strong environmental pollutants. Many of the primary pollutant effects are wetland loss and degradation (National Water Research Institute). Between the mid-1970’s and the mid-1980’s, approximately 4. 4 million acres of inland freshwater wetlands and about 71,000 acres of coastal wetlands were destroyed. You can just imagine how many species of frogs were destroyed within a decade (Dahl and Johnson). Take for example Kentucky and Ohio. They have lost more than 80 percent of their original wetlands, and California has lost nearly 99 percent of its original wetlands. That is just tragic, that a state has nearly lost all of their wetlands.! And that is only one state. The problem could grow and go national, even worldwide. Now seriousness of this issue starts to hit home (USEPA 1995). Other causes that have been observed are that of non-native plants and animals. I remember seeing an animal introduced into a different habitat, to which that animal had no predators. An animal will thrive to become an overpopulated species and destroy the environment. It is possible. Take for example, the water hyacinth. This species is known for its ability to extract nutrients from water. It is possible for a water hyacinth to rapidly fill a wetland and become a threat to water quality (National Water Research Institute). Carp that were introduced into recreational fishing areas increased the turbidity of the water. This ran other species, such as frogs, out of the water (Mitsch and Bosselinh 1993). Viruses, another cause, are always killers when they become wide spread. In 1989, a researcher at Townsville James Coon University collected local frogs for general research. Within days, for no visible reason, they all started dying off. When they started their detective work, they found the killer to be a highly infectious virus. It was the Bahle Virus. Researchers could not find a source, because by the time they picked up a dead frog the virus had been long dead as well. They tested how long the virus took to kill, and found that from the day of injection, it took 7 days for them to die. They would then tend to become anemic and waste away (Mitchell, Campbell, and Jones). It seems that the biggest problem yet, is the overpopulation of human beings. We are slowly destroying many habitats, along with the animals that belong in those habitats. As we grow in size we tend to destroy environments to make room for more people. They could be classified as non-native predators. But unlike other predators, we pollute our own environment at the same time creating new disease (USEPA 1994). Maybe the frogs are an indication of our global health. It happens slowly at first, with only a little useless frog, but the little useless frog isn’t the issue here. It’s what we are going to do about the frog. Are we going to let him go no questions asked? Or are we going to further investigate this issue and see what can be learned from it. If we let things disappear this easily, we might as well start planning a different kind of lifestyle. One without the pleasures of being able to see first hand the creatures of this planet, and one with over population! to the point of extinction of all life (Mitchell, Campbell, and Jones).

Major case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Major - Case Study Example These are creating problems in daily civic life. The objective of the study is to find out the issues that are affecting the social, political and environmental life in capital region. Moreover the study will help to take appropriate stems and implementation of strategies in order to overcome those problems. Problem statement The national capital commission’s command is to increase the pride of the Canadians and to build a healthy relationship between the people of Canada and their capital. According to the research report of Ipsos Reid which is conducted among the general Canadians, new Canadians and the youths of Canada with respect to the culture, heritage and capital of Canada, few issues have came out which are identified accordingly. Among the general public of Canada, few of the respondents feel that Canada is environmentally safe country. Moreover, according to them Canada has less current resources. The capital is suffering from the inadequate activities of the munici pality. They have failed to set the same objectives across the Ottawa riverside. Lack of effective marketing and communication has failed to support many events in capital. Moreover, the global financial crisis that occurred in 2008 and the economic recession created the funding challenges. The drastic change in political climate has resulted unstable political environment in capital. As the other nearby cities of capital across Canada are setting up a big example regarding national role models. The budget and timing constraints increases the unpredicted sustainment and deployment in terms of capital brand (Rajan, 2011, p.171). Data Analysis The purpose of the research work is to find the situation of civic life in the capital region of Canada. The research is being conducted among the General Canadian, new Canadian and the youths in capital. The secondary data analysis is being conducted for the research work. According to the survey it is feasible that many of the general Canadian and new Canadian thinks that the environment is not safe enough as the pollution level is increasing day by day. Moreover according to the data analysis it is identified that capital region of Canada is facing problems like insufficient public transportation system, inadequate drinking water supply, lack of funding of government in order to develop different aspects of capital region. Key Decision Criteria Though Canada is one of the developed countries in worldwide and the capital region is one of the developed and modern cities, few environmental, political and social issues are affecting the civic life of the people. According to the survey respondents like General Canadian and new Canadian; the social, political and environment of capital region is not safe enough. Civic life is getting affected by the inadequate government services. The increasing of air and water pollution is rapidly increasing the green house effect in capital’s environment. Lack of government subsidi es, marketing communication and funding is creating problems to organize the cultural events that is affecting the social and cultural balance of capital region. The decisions should be taken by implementing actions and appropriate steps in order to make the civic environment healthy. Alternative Analysis Capital region in Canada is facing huge transportation

The value and meaning of the arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The value and meaning of the arts - Essay Example Modern artists reflect upon different incidents, political incidents, and other happenings. For example, in the 1980s, neo expressionism was created by German Expressionist artists like Emil Nolde, Max Beckmann, George Grosz, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, etc. In this style, recognizable objects were painted or sculpted in an abstract manner. Bold colors and depictions of violence were also common. These artists reflected the turmoil of that period. The government needs to support art and culture in order to help it move on to the next step of advancement. If the government had not backed up artists of the neo expressionism era, it would not have been accepted into the world of art. For example, After World War II, Nolde was honored and received the German Order of Merit, West Germany's highest civilian decoration. Emil Nolde, The Prophet, woodcut, 1912 Art has always evolved with time and different variations and new styles have come up. The works of iconic artists of the different periods have always been affected by the happenings, social and economic situations of the respective times. Presently, the most popular style of art is post modernism. Post-modernism is a general sense of the state of the western society, culture and modern art. In the special sense it is a political-scientific-artistic direction that is opposed to the institutions, methods, concepts and basic assumptions of modernity and aims to resolve and overcome it. Post modernism has social consequences. In the modern age, the Meta narratives or social institutions that legitimize political practices, ethics and ways of thinking, are lost in the postmodern era. This consensus dissolves into a multitude of mutually incompatible truth and justice concepts. At the same time takes a tolerant awareness of differences, diversity and plurality, and thus, has the ability to endure the inconsistency of language games. Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917. Photograph by Alfred Steiglitz Not only artists but there a re many non-profit organizations like orchestras, museums, dance troupes, theaters, opera companies who are badly need for money. Huge amount of money needed for each and every dance troupe or opera company to promote their talent. Non-profit organizations are mainly dependent on the money they receive from public and government. They provide the services that we need in order to live nicely in our lives. People cannot live only with their jobs and their busy daily work schedule. They need some recreational activities to some extent for entertainment and these non-profit organizations help us to entertain but they do not get the amount of money they deserve. There are many cases where people do not need to pay a single penny to enjoy an opera show or to enter a museum. Most of the museums across UK or any other country are free for public but they spend a huge cost to maintain the buildings and the things kept inside the museum. There are many examples of shut down of museums as a r esult of insufficient funds. So, federal government should try to arrange some kinds of grant money for these non-profit organizations. One thing government must keep in mind that an individual is an important part of society because a number of individual make a society and the

Assigment 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Assigment 4 - Assignment Example Living in a motel room is a constant reminder to these kids that they do not have a proper home. The kids have to face tortures of not having a home and not having enough money. In the documentary, a girl gets sick in the stomach, and his father could not visit her because he did not have the gas money. When these children look at other happy kids going to Disney Land, it has a damaging impact on their socio-emotional development. They would grow up hating society and the system. These children are vulnerable to negative thoughts. They are also constantly reminded of their poor life quality. Fireworks at Disney Land compared to their small space in a cheap motel room. Luxurious food services in part of the city while they have barely enough to survive. Physically, they might be weaker and undernourished compared to other children. One girl in the documentary gets sick, and her father cannot come to take care of her for he does not have money to pay for bus or buy gas. Under such dire circumstances it is highly likely for these children to be angry, depressed, frustrated and sad. These emotions greatly hamper the cognitive abilities. They might also be uninterested in their school and homework because they have many problems to face on daily basis. Moreover, their socio-emotional de velopment is also under the threat from hostile neighborhood. These kids have to spend a lot of time on the streets where there are drug dealers, gangs and thugs. The first solution is to raise the minimum wage. If working parents cannot afford an acceptable lifestyle despite working then there is something wrong with the money system. Second, the necessary facilities like school, food and medicine should be free. This approach is idealistic but possible. Healthcare and education should not be an industry. Companies would open pharmacies and clinics to make money. It is the government’s job to think of the poor people

Bronchial Colonization in Pulmonary Resection Patients

Bronchial Colonization in Pulmonary Resection Patients Bronchial colonization profile of patients undergoing lung resection and its impact on infectious complications in the postoperative period. Is it necessary to evaluate the collection method and risk of contamination? Abstract: Introduction: The pattern of bronchial colonization in patients requiring pulmonary resections is little described in the literature. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the profile of bronchial colonization in patients undergoing lung resection in a general hospital through the collection of the resected specimen only. The secondary objective is to evaluate prognostic factors of infectious complications after lung resection, including the colonization of the lower airways. Methods: This was a prospective study that included all consecutive patients undergoing lung resection for noninfectious disease and without signs of acute respiratory infections. Intraoperative bronchial or lung parenchyma culture of the resected specimen was collected by the surgeon still under completely sterile conditions. A patient was considered colonized if the quantitative endobronchial culture was positive at 48h with a predominant microorganism exceeding a cutoff value of 104 colony-forming units. Results: Negative cultures were found in 81.4% of patients. Colonization with predominant bacteria (at least 104 cfu/mL) was identified in 18.6%. The rate of infectious complications was 24.42%. The incidence of postoperative pneumonia (POP) was 20.9%. POP developed at a median of 4 days after surgery. Three patients developed empyema, and of the three, 2 had both POP and empyema. None of the studied factors was associated with postoperative infectious complications Conclusion: We conclude there is colonization of the lower airways in patients undergoing lung resection in our institution. This finding, as well as the other analyzed factors, did not result in increased POP risk in this sample. The intraoperative collection method employed in this study should be further evaluated in larger studies. Introduction The lungs of healthy humans have traditionally been considered to be sterile when examined by culture-based techniques (1). In patients with lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis, colonization of the lower airways (LAWs) has been well documented and associated to these diseases [2-5]. Regarding the subgroup of patients with lung diseases requiring thoracic surgeries, very few studies have described the profile of colonization of LAWs. And to the best of our knowledge, there has been no description of this subject in a Latin American country (3,6-8). However, the colonization of LAW has been associated with the risk of postoperative pneumonia (POP). Schussler et al., in a study with 507 patients and Bede et al., showed that there is significant association between bacteria in the lower airways and risk of POP [3,9], being an independent risk factor in the multivariate analysis. A study was carried out including all consecutive patients undergoing pulmonary resections for noninfectious diseases to investigate the profile of LAW colonization. The secondary objective is to evaluate prognostic factors of infectious complications after lung resection, including LAW colonization. Materials and Methods This prospective study consecutively included all patients submitted to lung resection for noninfectious diseases, without signs of acute respiratory infections. Patients presenting at the date of admission for planned surgery with clinical and radiological signs of pulmonary infection (fever greater than 37.7 °C, purulent sputum) were excluded from this study in cases of urgency surgery. Except for the urgencies, patients were treated with antibiotics and submitted to surgery at least 7 days after antibiotic discontinuation. Patients with a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis were also excluded. The study was approved by the ethics committee of our institution under protocol number 209146141. All data on patient characteristics, results of microbiological studies, treatment procedures and outcome (POP) were prospectively collected through our database. We studied the following risk factors for POP: age, gender, surgical risk classification of the American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA), cancer patients and the presence of bacteria in the lower airways. All patients were intubated with a double-lumen endobronchial tube to undergo single-lung ventilation. Bronchial or pulmonary parenchyma culture of the resected specimen was collected by the surgeon still under completely sterile conditions. A patient was considered colonized if a 48-hour culture was positive with the presence of a microorganism. A policy of early extubation was systematically employed. Decisions concerning intensive care unit (ICU) admission after resection were established based on type of resection, predicted postoperative lung function and associated comorbidities. Postoperative analgesia was achieved through one of the following methods: use of epidural catheter intermittently or intermittent intravenous analgesia with morphine and dipyrone. A regular physical therapy program was started on the day of the surgery. Oral feeding was started on Postoperative Day 1. Patients received antibiotic prophylaxis with second-generation cephalosporin (cefazolin, 2.0 g at anesthesia induction and postoperatively, 3 g/24 h for 24 h) except in cases of known or suspected allergy, or if a different type of prophylaxis was indicated [4,10]. Lung resections were performed according to standard techniques. The type of resection was recorded. The diagnoses were established by anatomopathological analysis of the resected lung specimens. Patients were assessed twice a day. Chest roentgenograms were performed postoperatively once a day during the chest drainage period. POP definition was (1) abnormal radiographic findings (new or changing radiographic infiltrates that persisted after physical therapy or bronchoaspiration) and (2) fever greater than 37.8 oC or dyspnea, and (3) one of the following criteria: a new rise in C-reactive protein level, WBC count in the previous 24 h (with WBC count > 12109/L) [3] or an increase and modification of the expectorate. All postoperative pulmonary complications were secondarily reviewed by a clinician and a thoracic surgeon. Infections occurring within one month of surgery or during in-hospital surgical stay were recorded. Wound infection was defined as a reddened, painful, and indurated wound, not necessarily associated with bacterial isolation. Empyema was defined as the presence of purulent fluid in the pleural drainage or as the isolation of pathogens from the pleural cavity. Results are expressed as percentages and means  ± standard deviation (SD). The correlation between the studied variables and postoperative infection was performed by logistic regression analysis. Data processing and analysis were performed using the statistical software MedCalc, release 12.7.0.0. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The risk factors found to be predictive of POP at univariate analysis were entered into a multivariate regression analysis, to identify independent variables. Results Between June 15, 2012, and December 15, 2013, 86 patients undergoing lung resections in our department were included in the study. Three patients were excluded from the study due to preexisting infections at the time of surgery (infectious interstitial lung disease) and six due to a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Antibiotic prophylaxis with drugs other than cefazolin was employed in three patients due to known allergy to penicillin/cephalosporins or because of coexistent cardiac valve disease. Demographic data on the remaining 86 patients, type of diseases and surgical procedures are shown in Table 1. Cancer patients comprised 53.4% of the sample. Among them, primary lung tumors (non-small cell lung cancer) were treated through major lung resection (lobectomy or pneumonectomy). Pulmonary metastases were treated through segmentectomy. Also regarding cancer patients, some patients were submitted to segmentectomy for diagnosis of interstitial infiltrate, which showed to be lymphangitic carcinomatosis. Among the benign diseases, lobectomy and pneumonectomy were used in all patients with bronchiectasis. Segmentectomy was used for interstitial lung diseases and benign nodules that included patients with scar tissue and inflammatory nodules, in addition to hamartomas. Regarding the length of preoperative hospital length of stay, 52% of patients were admitted 1 (one) day prior to surgery (Figure 1). Negative cultures were obtained in 70 of 86 (81.4%) patients. Colonization with predominant bacteria was identified in 16 of 86 cases (18.6%). Colonization by pathogenic bacteria occurred in 10.4% of all patients (9/86). Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli species represented the most frequently involved microorganisms (Table 2). Gram-negative bacteria were obtained from cultures in nine cases. None of the patients had polymicrobial colonization. The complication rate was 24.4% (21/86). The incidence of POP was 20.9% (18 /86). POP developed at a median of 4 (1-9) days after surgery. Empyema developed in 3 patients, and of the three, 2 had both POP and empyema. Patients with POP frequently required mechanical ventilation (40.2%), and in-hospital mortality was 22%. Of the 16 colonized patients, 4 (25%) had POP, whereas among non-colonized patients, POP occurred in 14 of 70 cases (20%) (Figure 2). For all variables analyzed separately, the p value was greater than 0.05 and the 95% confidence interval (95%CI) included the number 1, indicating that no variable significantly influenced POP incidence, according to the available sample. Still, some alternatives were used aiming to identify some underlying statistical relevance, such as stratifying age ranges, transforming age into a categorical variable or considering the minimum value of p as 0.1, so that the variable would be subsequently analyzed in a multivariate model. However, no statistically significant impact was identified for any variable (Tables 3). Multivariate analysis was not performed due to the negative results of the univariate analysis. Discussion The colonization of LAW in patients undergoing thoracic surgery is scarcely mentioned in the literature. It is known that patients with some lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have atypical pulmonary flora [11-18], but patients submitted to lung resection usually include a much wider range of diseases. The study of this profile in different institutions is important to better understand the predominant bacterial flora and whether there is or not impact on the risk of infectious complications and whether antibiotic prophylaxis needs to be reviewed. Some studies have shown that LAW colonization increases the risk of POP (2,8,9). Other studies even suggest that, as it influences the risk of POP, LAW colonization would require a change in antibiotic prophylaxis in thoracic surgery (3,7). However, it is necessary to evaluate the collection method and risk of contamination of the collected samples. Our study described a heterogeneous flora, with many non-pathogenic microorganisms, but with an incidence (18.6%) that is comparable to that found in other studies. Yamada et al., in their study with 626 patients and Schussler et al., who assessed 478 patients in 2008, found 12.8% and 14.7% of LAW colonization, respectively (3,8). Belda et al. and Ionas et al. reported 83% and 41% of LAW colonization, respectively [9,6]. However, to the best of our knowledge, our study is the first that used the culture collection method performed by the surgeon, while still under completely sterile conditions in all patients. Previously, Ionas et al. used this technique, but in combination with protected specimen brush (PSB) through bronchoscopy in 41 patients (6). On the other hand, all studies used bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or PSB as collection method (2,3,6,8,9). Schussler et al. reported that they initially attempted to collect cultures from the resected specimens in the first 30 patients, bu t as culture results were negative, they gave up on the method, although it appears to be a more reliable result (2). It is also noteworthy that our study involved patients with different lung diseases and this fact may have influenced the incidence of bacteria in LAWs, unlike previous studies that were carried out in patients with the same disease, most with early-stage lung cancer. According to the literature, BAL is influenced by factors such as: the collected volume, when less than 100 mL, can increase contamination by mucus and airway cells; smokers and patients with COPD may have decreased volume of the recovered fluid. This method has sensitivity and specificity values ranging between 42-93% and 45-100%, respectively [19]. In addition to bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), the PSB method is a procedure with greater specificity, due to lower chance of sample contamination caused by the bronchoscope passage through regions such as the oral mucosa or contact with tracheal and bronchial secretions, compared to unprotected BAL [20]. On the other hand, the risk of sample contamination exists and operational costs are not feasible in most Latin American institutions. We understand that intraoperative collection eliminates the risk of contamination from other airway areas and the sterile conditions of the environment and operating team also warrants that the chance of c ontamination during material handling is also minimal. We found no association between bronchial colonization and POP, perhaps because there were few patients with pathogenic bacteria (10.4%). Yamada et al. also found no association between LAW colonization and POP in their study (8). Belda et al. described 35.8% of patients colonized with pathogenic bacteria. Schusller et al., in 2006, first reported an incidence of 22.8% of LAW colonization by pathogenic bacteria (9,2). These studies showed an association between LAW colonization and POP. However, once again, differently from our study, they collected culture samples through PSB and BAL, increasing the chance of contamination with the upper airways and thus, possibly increasing the number of patients with positive culture and pathogens. Consequently, our results might represent the actual bacterial flora of LAWs more accurately. Another interesting factor is that Schussler et al. found a correlation between the colonizing bacteria and the causative agent of POP in only 5 of 50 patients and this finding was not statistically significant. Ionas et al. and Yamada et al. also found the same result regarding this correlation between colonizing bacteria and bacterial agent identified in patients who developed POP (3,6,8). The incidence of POP was relatively high (20.9%), but compatible with literature data. Radu et al. described seventy-six cases (24.4%) of pulmonary resections that were complicated by postoperative pulmonary infections (7). Belda et al. described POP in 31% of the patients (9). Regarding mortality in patients with POP, the literature shows mixed results, with a mortality rate of up to 40% (2, 21). Possibly, the higher mortality is associated with the profile of operated patients. Belda et al. reported 13% of deaths in patients submitted to pulmonary resections only for early-stage primary lung cancer (9). Our study showed a mortality rate of 22% in individuals with POP. However, our sample included patients with metastatic cancer and severe inflammatory diseases. Our study has some limitations. Ours is a small sample and, therefore, we believe that other studied factors did not influence the risk of infection. Moreover, we did not isolate microorganisms during the postoperative period in patients who developed POP, to be compared with LAW cultures collected during surgery. The analysis of antibiotic prophylaxis was not performed, because LAW colonization did not appear as a risk factor for POP. In the last decade, culture-independent DNA-based techniques have demonstrated that much more complex microbial communities reside in the lower airways, where bacterial culture has failed to reliably demonstrate resident bacteria. (22). Unfortunately, these techniques are not yet available in our institution. We conclude that lower-airway colonization is found in patients undergoing lung resection in our institution. This finding, as well as the other analyzed factors, did not result in increased POP risk in this sample. The intraoperative collection method employed in this study should be further evaluated in larger studies to define the risk of POP associated with LAW colonization. Table 1 – Preoperative clinical status and surgical procedures performed Table 2 – Colonization profile of lower airways Table 3 – Univariate analysis to identify possible risk factors for postoperative pneumonia. Figure 1. Number of preoperative in-hospital length of stay. Figure 2. Incidence of postoperative pneumonia (POP).

Essay example --

The Republic by Plato talks about justice and what it means to be a just person. When having a conversation with Glaucon about justice, the ring of Gyges is brought up to prove a theory about people and the social contracts that make up our society. The legend of the Ring of Gyges tells the story of a man who was a shepherd but when an earthquake revealed a body of a skeleton of a giant from the past he was giving an opportunity to change his status. He stole the ring and discovered that by twisting it in a certain way he could become invisible. The thief would then sneak in to the castle and convince the queen to help murder her husband, and the thief took the throne. With the common knowledge of the thief and the ring Glaucon poses a question about what a supposedly good and decent individual finding the ring would do with the power of invisibility. Socrates believes that a just person would not even put the ring on, directly contradicting Glaucon. There would be no reason to be moral because the impulses would be too overwhelming. Glaucon argues that if someone had a ring which made him invisible, then that person would be foolish not to use it for personal advantage. Hence, Glaucon is arguing for ethical egoism.He acknowledges that "all who practice it [justice] do so unwillingly, as something necessary, not as something good." (358c) He explains that the only reason that people act the way they do is because they are afraid of the consequences that they could face if they get caught. The common conception of justice in Plato's day was a social one, which involved the following of laws and conventions. Glaucon states that, for most people, "what the law commands they call lawful and just." (359) The laws of the time were ... ...e is still striving to find that knowledge. One of the most famous doctrines associated with Socrates is the virtue is knowledge. It comes up time and time again in Plato’s books The Apology and The Republic as an aspiration to help lead the most just life. In the case of the ring of Gyges internal harmony has to be achieved so that the just person would not even want to touch the ring because putting on the ring means that the appetite part of the soul is overpowering the knowledge and spirit in the internal soul. The kind of intellectuality that the Sophists were applying to the practical affairs of life Socrates thought should be applied to the moral life. One could not be virtuous without first knowing what virtue is. Once one has attained the knowledge of virtue, then, according to Socrates, one cannot help but be virtuous since no one does wrong voluntarily. Essay example -- The Republic by Plato talks about justice and what it means to be a just person. When having a conversation with Glaucon about justice, the ring of Gyges is brought up to prove a theory about people and the social contracts that make up our society. The legend of the Ring of Gyges tells the story of a man who was a shepherd but when an earthquake revealed a body of a skeleton of a giant from the past he was giving an opportunity to change his status. He stole the ring and discovered that by twisting it in a certain way he could become invisible. The thief would then sneak in to the castle and convince the queen to help murder her husband, and the thief took the throne. With the common knowledge of the thief and the ring Glaucon poses a question about what a supposedly good and decent individual finding the ring would do with the power of invisibility. Socrates believes that a just person would not even put the ring on, directly contradicting Glaucon. There would be no reason to be moral because the impulses would be too overwhelming. Glaucon argues that if someone had a ring which made him invisible, then that person would be foolish not to use it for personal advantage. Hence, Glaucon is arguing for ethical egoism.He acknowledges that "all who practice it [justice] do so unwillingly, as something necessary, not as something good." (358c) He explains that the only reason that people act the way they do is because they are afraid of the consequences that they could face if they get caught. The common conception of justice in Plato's day was a social one, which involved the following of laws and conventions. Glaucon states that, for most people, "what the law commands they call lawful and just." (359) The laws of the time were ... ...e is still striving to find that knowledge. One of the most famous doctrines associated with Socrates is the virtue is knowledge. It comes up time and time again in Plato’s books The Apology and The Republic as an aspiration to help lead the most just life. In the case of the ring of Gyges internal harmony has to be achieved so that the just person would not even want to touch the ring because putting on the ring means that the appetite part of the soul is overpowering the knowledge and spirit in the internal soul. The kind of intellectuality that the Sophists were applying to the practical affairs of life Socrates thought should be applied to the moral life. One could not be virtuous without first knowing what virtue is. Once one has attained the knowledge of virtue, then, according to Socrates, one cannot help but be virtuous since no one does wrong voluntarily.